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Zip Line and Canopy Tour Blog
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With the Association for Challenge Course Technology (ACCT) and Professional Ropes Course Association (PRCA) both introducing new standards for Zip Lines, and with the International ASTM standards organization developing standard ASTM WK34049 to establish criteria for total design, manufacture and installation of zip lines and rope courses, the question becomes,
propecia canadian For better or worse (and that will primarily depend on how the standards are written and applied), this industry is changing and growing. I think it’s exciting. New technology, new opportunities, and new experiences seem to be appearing on my Google Alerts every day… and I think that is just great. At the same time, I have some concerns about the new direction of standards and the evolution of the zip line. I often receive inquiries about whether zip lines can be designed to arc, pass intermediary anchors and do physically amazing things. I also receive similar questions as to the nature of increasing cycle times and supporting a nearly perplexing numbers of riders. The answer is “yes, zip lines can be designed to arch and defy gravity” and “yes, I have a solution to reducing cycle time and supporting a perplexing number of riders.” The answer is “A ROLLERCOASTER”. If to traverse a length of cable between two structures a motorized trolley is required, should it be called a zip line? If cables are used to suspend a steel tube with arcs and undulations that thrill riders as they descend on a multi-sheave pulley be called a zip line? These are questions that we need to answer. Additionally, there is a growing concern, perpetrated I believe by rumors and builders with making grossly inaccurate claims, that hand-braking systems and systems with additional human involvement are dangerous. First, all zip lines are dangerous. Second, recent studies by the insurance companies have shown that while there are slightly more claims on hand-braking courses, the severity of injury has been less than those claims for course using other methods of control. Let’s for a second compare a few different “zip lines”. For this, you are going to have to leave this site. Please come back. ArborTrek Canopy Adventures – Smugglers’ Notch, Vermont Zip Rider – Icy Straight, Alaska Sun City South Africa Soaring Eagle Zip Line Moto-Zip – Branson, Missouri YMCA Camp Piomingo – Louisville, Kentucky Personally, I have not had the opportunity to ride the Sun City Africa zip line, Moto-Zip, or the Camp Piomingo, but I would like to. I selected them because I believe they are representative of some of the new experiences that are emerging. I’m a fan on innovation and experience and I found the zip lines that I did experience above to be tremendous fun. I also found it hard to call some of them zip lines. In the example of the hand-braking zip line and camp zip line, gravity was the chief propellant and the users were given opportunities to participate in the experience either by stepping off the platform, or in the case of the canopy tour, steering and controlling their speed. The Zip Rider at Icy Straight is awesome! But I didn’t have the opportunity to choose when to go. In fact, I didn’t have any control in the system other than to sit there. I enjoyed the experience, but it was akin to be a passenger in a vehicle driving at high speeds rather than being the driver… and I like to drive. So, here’s the quandary. Are all of these really zip lines? I believe they are… but I believe they are in the same way that motorcycles, buses, RV’s, carts, buggies and automobiles are all vehicles. As the industry begins to expand, I think it is important that we keep this in mind and that we really start considering the type of terminology we want to use to define these structures. I will now make a prediction. All of the regulation and standards that are developed in the next five years will do less to reduce the risk to participants than would spending time to look ahead and define the market and creating proper terminology. The growing popularity of “zip lines” and commercial attention is not good for the industry. It misleads participants. In one recent commercial aired during the Super Bowl, Jerry Seinfeld zips through Manhattan on “his personal network of zip lines” simply holding on to a t-bar and executes a flawless dismount. Holding on to a t-bar and supporting their body weight looks easy in the commercial, but most participants cannot do it. In another commercial, Maxwell the Pig, Geiko’s newest mascot, soars down a cable with ease, clipped in to the system with a 99 cent key chain carabiner mouthing “Pure Adrenaline” between squeals of “Weee! Weee! Weeeeee!” I love the commercials and the new experiences, but they are dangerous. Zip lines, whether hand-braking, non-hand-braking, or commercialized ARE dangerous! There are inherent risks and users need to be aware of what these risks are before entering a course. Unfortunately, I don’t think most guests are well educated. It never fails to surprise me how little people read or how willing they are to enter in to a risky environment without educating themselves despite warnings and plentiful resources. I’m a fan of hand-braking courses. To me, hand-braking provides a more intimate experience. I like the control, the feeling of the cable whizzing by, and the warmth in my hand as I squeeze the cable. I’m bored silly by zip lines (regardless of how long or fast and in fact perhaps more so by how long) when my only ability to participate is to scream “Whoopppeee!” There’s no learning curve or opportunity to develop. But, hand-braking experiences and traditional zip lines that require participants to control their direction of travel and speed run the risk of being sabotaged by new technology which automates and removes the participant from the experience. So, here’s what I propose. The term zip-line should be broken down in to two categories: 1) traditional zip line, and 2) zip ride. propecia canadianTraditional zip lines require user input (if even to just take a step off of a platform and initiate the experience). Such input may require the user to control some or all of the following: position, speed, direction of travel, dismount, take-off. Traditional zip lines should be further broken down in to two categories: 1) requires user input, and 2) does not require user input. propecia canadian Little to no user input is required. Input in to the system is purely for amusement and not required as part of the safety system. By more accurately defining the experience and preparing users who enter the course, risk to the general public can be further mitigated without creating regulatory standards that prohibit user experience, stifle innovation, and create scenarios where “big money” investing in zip rides and amusement rides create regulatory standards that destroy participant opportunity. “It’s just a bunch of cable strung between two structures, isn’t it?” No. It’s not. The difference between zip rides and traditional zip lines is that of whether or not zip lines are amusement park devices. I assert that traditional zip lines are not amusement park devices; Zip rides are amusement park devices. In hand-brake systems, users must be properly trained and they must demonstrate the ability to master basic skills and show improvement along the course of the experience. The user’s input is imperative in the experience just as a climber’s ability to position his body, grasp holds, find foot placements, and route-find is imperative in rock climbing. The experience is one of adventure and psycho-motor skill development, not simply thrills and amusement. Zip rides, at their core, are thrill rides, pure and simple and they should be treated as such. The duty of care is placed solely on the operator. User input is required only as a means to increase the thrill or amusement and not to mitigate risk. As members of the amusement park and challenge course communities move forward in their quest to develop new standards, and as regulators and interested parties seek to protect the public, I encourage them to adopt the new terminology and to embrace the differences and rewards inherent in each of the experiences.
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propecia canadianSeveral years ago, I published a crude blog post regarding Trends and Statistics for the Zip Line and Canopy Tour market. The jist of the blog, "Everything is rosey and the future looks bright". I recently presented a pre-conference workshop at the 2012 Association for Challenge Course Technology Conference (ACCT) in Boston, Massachusetts. The conference was awesome! As someone has been very vocal and persistent in pushing for the ACCT to include commerical zip lines, canopy tours, and aerial adventure parks in their standards, it was a joy to be a part of a booked conference with more than 900 people. After a successful turnout during the 2011 Pre-Conference, this year their were two Pre-Conferences focused on zip lines and canopy tours with more than 170 people in attendance between the two. For those who were unable to attend the conference, the power point that was utilized can be downloaded below. Please note, the PPTX file is significant in size (174+MB); the PDF version is much smaller but does not include all of the videos. The slides included in the presentation were designed to supplement the information I presented and alone may be misleading or inaccurate. Over the course of the next few weeks, I will do my best to post key information from the presentation to clarify the trends and stastics slides. propecia canadianÂ
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propecia canadianThe dicussion between single-cable and double-cable installations has been as hot a topic over the past five years as hand-braking vs. gravity-braking systems. So, which is safer? Why do cruise lines require double-cable installation? What are the pros and cons? First, let me say that I have worked on, tested, and trained staff to operate both single cable and double cable systems. I have further trained on hand-braking and gravity-based systems. Second, the views expressed herein are mine alone. Third, each course is going to have to weigh the pros and cons for its course, make their own decision. My recommendation is that prior to making a decision, contact a professional builder, engineer, and analyze your market. Fourth, it has been my experience in the industry (provided that the course was designed by a professional, engineered, and built to standards) that the greatest risk to clients is inadequate staff training and operations management and not course engineering. Lastly, I am the managing partner of a single-cable, hand-braking course. propecia canadian So, is a double-cable zip line system safer than a single-cable system? My answer: "Yes, No, Maybe, Probably Not" propecia canadian Common sense would tell us that two is better than one. Redundancy trumps simplicity. There is merit in this thought; however, analysis of zip line failures rarely conclude that the failure would have been solved by adding more cables. This is not to say that a second cable may not be necessary. There are certain types of installations where a second cable is necessary because the adequacy of a single cable is questionable or inadequate. In this case, two cables are installed not as redundant systems but as a single system composed of two cables. There are also new system designs that utlilize two cables to control direction of travel, provide a more consistent approach speed, create opportunities for conitnuous belay and so forth. Ultimately, what is important here is that system is engineered properly. But if the only reason to require a second cable is for redundancy, might I remind the user that wire rope is comprised of numerous strands and wires. A typical 1/2" 6x25 IWRC cable has 6 strands of 25 wires plus an independent core which generally consists of 7 additional strands of 7 wires. That's a 199 wires. propecia canadian The greatest concern about double-cable systems is that failure to engage both cables could result in injury or system failure. Double-cable system can increase the complexity into the transfer process for end-users and for guides. This should be considered and procedures should be implemented to reduce the risk of misclips. In systems where cables fail to meet the standard independently, the system should be proof tested to determine what would happen in the case of a misclip. Greater cable deflection often means that riders will ride lower in the corridor. This can expose riders to foreign and known objects that would not normally be in the flight path. Second, in the case of a misclip, what rescue procedures are required to stay within the working load limit of the system. In the case of at least one accident where a double cable system failed in 2008, the findings concluded that the secondary cable was not properly installed nor was the secondary capable of independently supporting the anticipated load in a rescue scenario. It is the author's belief that should two cables be installed, the failure of one should not result in system failure. Both cables should independently be able to support the anticipated load inside the working load limit of the system. Builders and operators should also have in place systems to deal with the increased risk of cable entaglement and improper clipping. Procedures should be clearly defined to handle misclips and to anticipate the consequences of possible misclipping which can in some systems include weld abrasion and damage to lanyards, and improper loading of equipment. propecia canadian In certain situations, it is benefitial to use two smaller diameter cables rather than one larger diameter (and heavier) cable to reduce the load on anchors. The intentional engineering of two smaller diameter cables might also be elected to allow the system to use lighter, commercially available trolleys rather than heavier trolleys, which until recently, have not been readily available to the mass market. propecia canadianThe premise that redundancy equals increased safety is not always accurate. Proper engineering, staff training, and operational standards are the best means of reducing risk. As the result of a worker fall from heights in 2010 in North America, the local government attempted to push through regulations requiring a second cable for flexible life lines. In this case, the cable did not fail. The worker fell because he was not properly attached. Similarly, the cruise lines persisting demand to have a second cable has similar reactionary roots. Reactionary regulation and thought lead to systems that replace the demand for proper engineering with presciptionary principles that are not always true. So, where does this leave us? In the author's opinion, the answer is simple. 1. Properly engineer and test your system. 2. Develop operating procedures speicific to your system. 3. Train your staff. The safest system is the one that is best designed to fit your course and program design. Whether you have one, two, or twenty cables, the real question to ask is not whether two cables is better than one, but whether your system has been engineered, tested, and proven. While this requires more intentional thought and cost, it is time as an industry that we step back from prescriptionary practices and move to proper engineering and program design. Over the past five years, advances in technology, new installation techniques, and creative implementation has led to the development of a myriad of new opportunities. Reactionary regulation and prescriptionary standards pose one of the greatest risks to future development. When in doubt, my recommendation is to solicit the opinion of numerous professional, create a strong network of advocates, and proceed with caution.
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propecia canadianpropecia canadianI like going to Orlando each year with my family because we span three generations and yet none of us are ever at a loss of things to do. In addition to spending quality time with family, it is also a great opportunity to see what the top players in the amusement park market are doing. propecia canadian For those that have met me, you know I am a work-a-holic. You will also know that I like to share those things I find most relevant from my expereince. Here are a few of the lessons I learned: propecia canadian My soon-to-be-three-year-old son was so excited to meet Mickey Mouse that he wore his mouse ears around for most of the week. When we got to the park, I was surprised to find that the characters were not as accessible as they had once been. As a child, Mickey seemed to be everywhere including the airport. We didn't meet Mickey, but at Universal we met Cat in the Hat and other Seussian characters. When my son approached and reached out his favorite toy car (Lightning McQueen from Disney PIXAR's Cars, a competitor to Universal), the Cat character got down on his hands and knees and pushed the car back and forth with my son. I am certain my son will talk about the experience for years to come. Thanks Cat for reading my son and spending a few extra moments playing cars with him... it made his trip and built a life long fan. propecia canadian The much acclaimed Harry Potter experience at Universal Studios combined brillant set construction with amusing rides and special effects, but Universal's inability to manage the long lines was disatorous. For me, the best part of the Potter experience was leaving and heading for another section of the park. The real disappointment was that had the experience been properly managed, it would likely have been one of the highlights of my trip, despite lengthy wait times. I will not try to describe the chaos that ensued, but I will apologize to all of the people who my family of ten was ushered in front of by a park employee who acknowledged that most of the people in the line needed not be waiting, . Disney's FastPass system (which is essentially a first-come-first-serve reservation) proved a very reasonable solution. In fairness, Universal has a different pay to bypass system, but it did not handle the overextended lines which turned the Village of Hogsmeade into a chaotic mess. propecia canadian propecia canadian I have always been impressed with Disney's ability to make waiting in line interesting. In fact, my enjoyment reviewing interesting (often quirky) displays and set, build-up for the attraction, and special effects while waiting in line often surpassed the actual attraction. propecia canadian propecia canadian What I loved about both Disney and Universal was that they have done a world-class job of building brands and experiences that transcend the event. While we were only in Orlando for five days, my son has been talking about the trip for weeks and I am certain he will keep sharing stories with us and his friends for weeks to come. In fact, I think he delights more in the opportunity to share his story and talk about the experience than he did in riding the rides and meeting the characters. propecia canadian propecia canadianWhen I ask most zip line operators to define their core business, they often tell me simply "it is zip lines". While the Disney and Universal Studios both had thrilling rides, the rides were a means of reinforcing their brand and not the core business. propecia canadian propecia canadian
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propecia canadianMichael Smith, President of AdventureSmith, Inc. responds to questions about Resmark Systems as a reservation and marketing solution for the Canopy Tour and Challenge Course industry and tour operators in general.
Resmark is not appropriate for all tours and must be calculated accurately in to the business plan. My experience in reviewing business plans is that new tour operators almost always underestimate the time required to book tours and send out confirmations. Everyone looks at the revenue side of the business and almost no one looks at the expense side. For modest size tours (those serving over 10,000 clients) and up, the cost of Resmark is often completely offset by the reduction in staff wages. For larger tours concerned about giving away a percentage of their revenues, my recommendation is to charge a convenience fee or service fee of 1% to all customers. You could even charge a 2% service fee and make a small profit. Most guests will not complain about the additional fee and you will cover the costs of Resmark. When it comes down to it, if a company has to justify the cost of a good online reservation system, it is likely that they have already made a series of poor business decisions. While there are a few examples of tours whose business models do not require a reservation system like cruise-fed or resort-fed tours serving a single client, most businesses have to plan it into their expenses. Whether a company elects to use Resmark or another system often has more to do with how the owner views the world. Are they the type of person that see long-term value and return on investment or are they simply looking at upfront costs. Having worked with numerous CRM systems and web-based solutions, I can honestly say that each time I have selected a product based on a one-time fee and not a license with continual support, I have been disappointed and often had to invest significantly more in the future to transfer data to a new system. propecia canadian Automation is one of the top reasons I recommend Resmark. Analysis of many of the tours I have worked with show that most reservations occur early in the morning or after normal business hours. Clients have three options: 1) carry a cell phone at all hours, 2) spend money staffing an office early in the morning and late at night, or 3) install a user-friendly online reservation system. It’s a no brainer in my mind. The ability to collect customer data online or over the phone and automate custom responses leads to cost savings, happy customers, and happy staff. After all, who really wants to constantly be entering data and tinkering with Word templates and e-mails when it can be automated. Automation allows key staff and customer service representatives to focus on what they should be doing (servicing customers’ needs and growing the business). Instead, I watch a lot of underperforming business pay good money to have their staff simply enter data and send out confirmations. What a waste. As an owner, I value the reporting features. Reports allow me to more efficiently schedule staff, plan for the future, track the effectiveness of marketing campaigns, and check on the bottom line. In the past, these were functions that required tying up other staff on the phone or manually compiling data. Through Resmark, reports are available 24 hours a day from anywhere in the World provided that an internet connection is available. propecia canadian Achieving great success in the canopy tour industry is a matter of leverage. The ability to setup agents and to leverage the marketing capacities of many agencies rather than just your own is the single most strategy to growing a business quickly. Resmark makes the process fast and simple. For operations with multiple tours and products, the up-sell features built in to the Resmark System are top notch. Whether as part of the booking process or through automated e-marketing, Resmark provides options for operators to build the process once and benefit for months. propecia canadianpropecia canadian
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propecia canadianI both relish and abhor the growing popularity of zip lines and canopy tours. I used to take great pleasure at the blank stares I received when people asked what I did and I had to explain the concept of a zip line or canopy tour... the freedom of flight... the opportunity to explore wild places... the chance to test one's reserves... Always the storyteller, I loved observing as their imagination kicked in and, if even just for a brief second, my guest was transported to a place far away, dangerous, and often far more wild and adventurous than anything the real world could produce. The growing popularity of zip lines in the media, however, has stolen this simple pleasure. When I begin to explain the concept of a zip line or canopy tour these days, I am met with references to commercials selling cars, cruises, and cereal bars. Like a good novel adapted for the big screen, the imagination that would be engaged through verse is lost to 30-second, dumbed-down trailers. Rather than being transported to deep forests and wild places, the user is transported to a couch in front of their television with scenes crafted by Madison Avenue Ad Men. And it's not just the simple pleasure that has been stolen, but the true adventure. When I conceived of this web site, I was excited to go out and explore the vast array of courses that were being installed across the U.S.. In part, I was seeking inspiration and hoping to renew some of the thrill I had experienced during my first flight. But quite frankly, what I have found is not often adventure, but watered down experiences determined to turn a dollar and ride the wave of popularity rather than adventures designed to inspire. In reviewing a tour, I can often determine long before I arrive whether I will be wowed or robbed, inspired or disappointed, engaged or indifferent... The following list is the culmination of thousands of descents over fifteen years. In putting this list together, I hope to shed some light on the difference between a tour that is worth repeating and a ride that is completed once and not repeated. The best tours…
The worst tours…
If there is one thing that I am certain of it is this… with the growth of the market, all types of tours and rides will emerge. It is my hope that through the use of rating tools on this site that zip line enthusiasts will help to provide feedback to tour operators and useful guidance to would-be riders regarding the experience and value. Â
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propecia canadianAs a consultant in a rapidly growing and changing market, I am often asked to take out my crystal ball and to predict the future.
Are zip lines just a fad? In five years will they be a fleeting memory like the bungee jump once setup in the parking lot of the local mall? How many tours will there be in five years? What trends are emerging? And so on. For those that do not know me, I'm a talker. Give me a barstool, a beer, and a topic I am passionate about and I will talk your ear off until my wife calls me home. Here's the crux of the problem. Tomorrow is the start of the ACCT Conference. Normally, I would be thrilled because the annual conference provides me the opportunity to meet new people, catch up with old friends, and hopefully sell some product. Problem is, I talk too much. As a result, I don't always get a chance to answer everyone's questions. Since I am not presenting this year and instead sitting behind a booth, I have decided to share publically some of the industry data I have collected, to make some predications, and I will also throw in some far fetched and probably inaccurate estimates. A note about the information to follow: The information gathered in and presented here is based on the data mining of one person, late at night, over the course of many late nights. The quality of data is based on information retrieved from the websites of many operators, my personal experiences, and conversations with other builders, consultants, and vendors in the industry. Methods were not scientific. propecia canadianpropecia canadianData on the total number of zip lines in the United States would be very challenging to collect. Zip lines can be found at many summer camps, schools, and outdoor education programs. Further, sales for backyard zip lines have grown significantly in the past few years. Based on informal conversations with other builders and backyard zip-line vendors, I would conservatively estimate that there are more than 13,000 zip lines in the United States (note: regulators beware). Backyard or amateur zip lines constitute a bulk of the total. Note: This does not include the inexpensive Fun Ride zip kits. It is a much easier task to collect data on the number of commercial zip line tours, canopy tours, and zip rides that are available as these operations generally rely heavily on web marketing. The following data includes commercial tours and amusement-style zip rides located in the United States and Canada. Excluded from these counts are camps, schools, operations that offer the zip line primarily as an attraction to their own clients and not to the general public, most tours in Quebec (Sorry Québécois, I do not speak French), and the incredible commercial courses built by Jim Liggett and crew at RCI as they are in a class all their own. propecia canadian
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propecia canadianI'll leave the percentages and statistics to someone else. It’s not a matter of not being able to do them. I just figure I put in the monotonous labor of researching the web, building the directory and entering the data; you can add and divide a few numbers. propecia canadian
 propecia canadianThere are a number of trends that have emerged over the past few years, but I’ll focus on the top four. propecia canadianNot so many years ago, operators had to question whether the trolley would make it down the zip line. Occasionally bearings would fail and smoke would emerge during the descent… we called it special effects.
 propecia canadianJust like on Wall Street, it is the maverick entrepreneurs, risk-takers, and inventors that often lead the charge. But where there is gold, you can bet Big Money will not be far behind. While most operations to date have been built by small groups of investors, privately wealthy individuals, or families betting their house on the business, a great number of the new courses on the market are being funded by Big Businesses. Expect new technologies, new course types, and the emergence of chains and brands. propecia canadian While many of us that build love the satisfaction of building, we also like the idea of not having to hoist heavy materials some day. Expect to see all of the premier builders in the industry move to building primarily for themselves and their courses operating courses. While Steve Gustafson at EBL was one of the first in the U.S. to make this move, other builders including ERi, Canopy Tours, Inc., Bonsai Design, and now me, are following suit. propecia canadianWrong question. The correct question would be, “How much of an investment would it take to build a successful business?” This all depends on your location, infrastructure requirements, course type, and desired returns. I recommend contacting several builders and consultants. While there are not a ton of options on the market, there are some really talented people that can help answer those questions for you and provide you genuine consult.But whatever you do, do not go to some rinky-dink course in a third world country and try to reverse engineer the system. This is not to say that all third world canopy tours are rinky-dink, but when course owners tell me they don’t want to spend $5,000 to have an engineer fly down and install rated rock anchors for their new line because it only cost $2,000 to pay-off the family of the guide that was seriously injured when the last anchors failed, I must urge caution. If you are going to make a run at it, do it the right way and hire good counsel who can educate you on the industry, business models, fall protection and building standards, train your staff, engineer and install your course, and more importantly, with whom you would like to work. In the long-run the results are clear. The courses that have hired good counsel and done their research have reaped the greatest rewards. propecia canadianSure. The commercial tours listed above served an estimated 1.8 million people in 2009. Based on the average number of zip lines per tour, that is 10.3 million zip experiences (excluding staff rides). Remember, the tours above do not include some estimated 12,900 other zip lines spread across the United States and Canada. Based on data collected from the websites of the tours included in the study, here is a breakdown of the range of costs for tours.
 propecia canadianI highly doubt there is any one person who can accurately answer this question. Based on reports I have received from legal firms seeking expert witness, clients calling to seek guidance in repairing lines or receive training, news reports, and conversations with other builders and operators, I can safely say that professionally constructed and managed courses by reputable builders have amassed an outstanding safety record. On the other hand, there were a number of serious accidents that occurred on amateur lines, often in homeowner’s backyards or vacant lots. For videos of some of these accidents and examples of how not to build and operate a zip line, click here. propecia canadianZip lines are dangerous. propecia canadianThis is an exciting time to be a builder, an operator, and a rider. Over the course of the next few years, I predict we will see a number of inventive and novel experiences emerge including eco-tours, tree house communities, large-scale animatronics (like dinosaurs that swipe at riders), roller coasters that replace steel tubes with steel wire rope and depart from the traditional amusement park setting to pristine wilderness where rides span miles, more tours, increased volume, increased regulation, big brands, franchises, and plentiful business opportunities. All and all, the future for commerical operations looks good. What makes me nervous are cheap knock-offs, backyard zip lines built with inadequate materials on the cheap, aging camp courses, do-it-yourselfers, the disemination of bad advice and building techniques across the internet, guests zipping and firing paintball guns, first time builders reverse engineering third world courses. “O.K., Mike, I'm a builder… and this piece was filled with callouts. Why was I not mentioned in this piece?”
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propecia canadianBefore zip lines became a source a recreation and entertainment... before they were used for scientific study in the trpoical forests of Central America... zip lines served the very practical purpose of transporting goods and people across gorges, canyons, waterways, and vessels. [ - photo: San Lang/European Pressphoto Agency] Â
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